Dynamic Page Cache in Drupal stores the complete page response for authenticated users while respecting cache tags, contexts, and max-age.

Page Cache in Drupal stores the complete HTML response for anonymous users and serves it directly on subsequent requests. This avoids bootstrapping Drupal and rebuilding the page each time, significantly improving performance.

Render Cache in Drupal stores the final rendered HTML of components (render arrays) so they don’t need to be rebuilt on every request.

Cache Max-Age in Drupal defines how long cached content remains valid before it expires.

If Cache Tags answer when to invalidate and Cache Contexts answer when to vary, then Max-Age answers when to expire.

Cache Contexts in Drupal define when cached content should vary based on request conditions.

If Cache Tags answer “when to invalidate”, Cache Contexts answer “when to create different versions of cache”.